| Prepositions |
| English |
Romaji |
Japanese |
| on |
ue |
上 |
| under |
shita |
下 |
| left |
hidari |
左 |
| right |
migi |
右 |
| in |
naka |
中 |
| outside |
soto |
外 |
| front |
mae |
前 |
| back / behind |
ishiro |
後ろ |
| between |
aida |
間 |
| facing / across from |
mukai |
向かい |
| next to |
tonari |
隣 |
| nearby |
soba |
側 |
| around |
mawari |
回り |
| side |
yoko |
横 |
| Particles |
| Japanese |
Romaji |
Explanation |
| は |
wa |
topic marker |
| が |
ga |
subject marker |
| を |
o |
direct object marker |
| に |
ni |
static location marker |
| へ |
e |
directional marker |
| で |
de |
by means of marker |
| も |
mo |
also marker |
| と |
to |
and marker, quote marker |
| や |
ya |
and/etc. marker |
| から |
kara |
from marker |
| まで |
made |
until marker |
| より |
yori |
comparison marker |
| の |
no |
many uses mostly as a possessive particle, verb and adjective nominalizer |
| Sentence-Final Particles |
| か |
ka |
question/doubt particle |
| ね |
ne |
agreeance particle |
| よ |
yo |
affirmative particle |
| わ |
wa |
agreeance/exclamation particle, used almost exclusively by females |
| ぜ |
ze |
agreeance particle, used mostly by men |
| ぞ |
zo |
Emphasizes one’s opinion, used mostly by men |
| の |
no |
emphatic question particle, used mostly by children and women |
| なあ |
naa |
indicates emphasis, question, or reflection |
